Analysis of the Implementation of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Technology in Practical Learning in Mechanical Engineering Vocational Education Programs

Abstract

The rapid transformation of manufacturing industries driven by Industry 4.0 and the emergence of Industry 5.0 have significantly increased the demand for skilled workers capable of operating advanced manufacturing technologies, particularly Computer Numerical Control (CNC) systems. Consequently, vocational education institutions are required to strengthen practical learning approaches that align with contemporary industrial standards. This study aims to analyze the implementation of CNC technology in practical learning within Mechanical Engineering Vocational Education Programs and to identify its opportunities, challenges, and implications for competency development. The study employs a qualitative library research approach by reviewing recent scholarly publications, policy documents, and vocational education reports published between 2021 and 2025. The findings indicate that CNC technology plays a strategic role in enhancing technical competence, digital literacy, machining accuracy, and problem-solving skills among vocational students. Furthermore, the integration of CNC technology facilitates the adoption of competency-based learning, project-based learning, and teaching factory models that mirror authentic industrial environments. However, several challenges remain, including disparities in infrastructure availability, limited instructor competency in advanced CNC programming, inadequate industry collaboration, and insufficient curriculum alignment with emerging manufacturing technologies. The study concludes that effective CNC implementation requires a holistic approach involving curriculum transformation, instructor professional development, technological investment, and strengthened industry partnerships to ensure vocational graduates possess competencies relevant to future workforce demands.